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The Treaty of Versailles of 1871 ended the Franco-Prussian War and was signed by Adolphe Thiers of the Third French Republic and Otto von Bismarck of the newly formed German Empire on 26 February 1871. A preliminary treaty, it was used to solidify the initial armistice of 28 January between the powers. [1]
The German military archivist Erich Otto Volkmann estimated that in the spring of 1918 about 800,000 to 1,000,000 soldiers refused to follow the orders of their military superiors. [2] The term "Drückeberger", or shirker, was the term used by the military authorities, a term which had already gained anti-semitic connotations through its ...
The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 ...
On 18 January 1871, German troops paraded behind military bands around the Palace of Versailles. The delegations of the German field-regiments were crowded in the Hall of Mirrors. They raised their battle-torn banners in a "colourful forest". [ 7 ]
A photograph of the parade The parade as depicted in the 11 March 1871 Illustrated London News The parade from a German 1871 book. The night before the parade Paris citizens placed black veils over the faces of each statue in the Place de la Concorde, and some houses flew black flags as a mark of mourning for the capitulation of the city. [9]
The Armistice of Versailles that came into effect on 28 January 1871 brought to an end the active phase of the Franco-Prussian War.The signatories were Jules Favre, foreign minister in the provisional Government of National Defence, for the French and Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of the newly established German Empire, for Prussia and her allies.
The Treaty of Versailles placed several restrictions on German ownership of munitions and other arms and limited the army to just 100,000 men. Under the terms of the treaty, poison gas, tanks, submarines, and heavy artillery were prohibited to German forces, and Germany could not import or export "war material" (a vague term that was not clearly defined). [1]
The question of German war guilt (German: Kriegsschuldfrage) took place in the context of the German defeat by the Allied Powers in World War I, during and after the treaties that established the peace, and continuing on throughout the fifteen-year life of the Weimar Republic in Germany from 1919 to 1933, and beyond.