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Methanation is the conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO x) to methane (CH 4) through hydrogenation. The methanation reactions of CO x were first discovered by Sabatier and Senderens in 1902. [1] CO x methanation has many practical applications.
The change of atmospheric pressure with altitude can be obtained from this equation: [2] P a = 0.9877 a {\displaystyle P_{a}=0.9877^{a}} Given an atmospheric pollutant concentration at an atmospheric pressure of 1 atmosphere (i.e., at sea level altitude), the concentration at other altitudes can be obtained from this equation:
The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids. [ 1 ] To convert from L 2 b a r / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}bar/mol^{2}} } to L 2 k P a / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}kPa/mol^{2}} } , multiply by 100.
The carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e or CO 2 eq or CO 2-e or CO 2-eq) can be calculated from the GWP. For any gas, it is the mass of CO 2 that would warm the earth as much as the mass of that gas. Thus it provides a common scale for measuring the climate effects of different gases. It is calculated as GWP times mass of the other gas.
C + H 2 O → CO + H 2 [1] CO + H 2 O → CO 2 + H 2 [1] C + CO 2 → 2CO [1] Steam reforming of methane is an endothermic reaction requiring 206 kJ/mol of methane: CH 4 + H 2 O → CO + 3 H 2. In principle, but rarely in practice, biomass and related hydrocarbon feedstocks could be used to generate biogas and biochar in waste-to-energy ...
A variant of this single set approach is using a special parameter set fitted for the examined temperature range. The second solution is switching to another vapor pressure equation with more than three parameters. Commonly used are simple extensions of the Antoine equation (see below) and the equations of DIPPR or Wagner. [2] [3]
2 from its component elements is almost constant and independent of the temperature, while the free energy of formation of CO decreases with temperature. [3] At high temperatures, the forward reaction becomes endergonic , favoring the ( exergonic ) reverse reaction toward CO, even though the forward reaction is still exothermic .
As an example, a measured NO x concentration of 45 ppmv in a dry gas having 5 volume % O 2 is: 45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv of NO x. when corrected to a dry gas having a specified reference O 2 content of 3 volume %. Note: The measured gas concentration C m must first be corrected to a dry basis before using the above equation.