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In mathematics, matrix calculus is a specialized notation for doing multivariable calculus, especially over spaces of matrices.It collects the various partial derivatives of a single function with respect to many variables, and/or of a multivariate function with respect to a single variable, into vectors and matrices that can be treated as single entities.
In matrix calculus, Jacobi's formula expresses the derivative of the determinant of a matrix A in terms of the adjugate of A and the derivative of A. [1]If A is a differentiable map from the real numbers to n × n matrices, then
If A is an m × n matrix and A T is its transpose, then the result of matrix multiplication with these two matrices gives two square matrices: A A T is m × m and A T A is n × n. Furthermore, these products are symmetric matrices. Indeed, the matrix product A A T has entries that are the inner product of a row of A with a column of A T.
If a 2 x 2 real matrix has zero trace, its square is a diagonal matrix. The trace of a 2 × 2 complex matrix is used to classify Möbius transformations. First, the matrix is normalized to make its determinant equal to one. Then, if the square of the trace is 4, the corresponding transformation is parabolic.
The conjugate transpose of a matrix with real entries reduces to the transpose of , as the conjugate of a real number is the number itself. The conjugate transpose can be motivated by noting that complex numbers can be usefully represented by 2 × 2 {\displaystyle 2\times 2} real matrices, obeying matrix addition and multiplication: a + i b ≡ ...
The derivative at t = 0 is just the matrix X, ... where A is the transpose companion matrix of P. We solve this equation as explained above, computing the ...
In vector calculus, the Jacobian matrix (/ dʒ ə ˈ k oʊ b i ə n /, [1] [2] [3] / dʒ ɪ-, j ɪ-/) of a vector-valued function of several variables is the matrix of all its first-order partial derivatives. When this matrix is square, that is, when the function takes the same number of variables as input as the number of vector components of ...
The derivative of + ... For a complex matrix, the transpose is replaced with the conjugate transpose. [12] For a real-valued symmetric matrix, ...