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Impunity is the ability to act with exemption from punishments, losses, or other negative consequences. [1] In the international law of human rights, impunity is failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to justice and redress.
Possession holds a special place in that it has been criminalized but under common law does not constitute an act. Some countries like the United States have avoided the common law conclusion in Regina v. Dugdale [9] by legally defining possession as a voluntary act. As a voluntary act, it fulfills the requirements to establish actus reus.
For example, under a contract of indemnity insurance, the insurer agrees to indemnify the victim for harm not caused by the insurer, but by other parties. Because of the difficulty in establishing causation, it is one area of the law where the case law overlaps significantly with general doctrines of analytic philosophy to do with causation ...
In its broadest sense, justice is the idea that individuals should be treated fairly. According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, the most plausible candidate for a core definition comes from the Institutes of Justinian, a codification of Roman Law from the sixth century AD, where justice is defined as "the constant and perpetual will to render to each his due".
Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense. Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics in that the former examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, whereas the latter studies the meaning of moral ...
Acts that conceal, corrupt, or destroy evidence can be considered spoliation of evidence and/or tampering with evidence. Spoliation is usually the civil-law / due-process variant, may involve intent or negligence , may affect the outcome of a case in which the evidence is material, and may or may not result in criminal prosecution .
Conscience, as is detailed in sections below, is a concept in national and international law, [4] is increasingly conceived of as applying to the world as a whole, [5] has motivated numerous notable acts for the public good [6] and been the subject of many prominent examples of literature, music and film.
Understood in its broadest sense, evidence for a proposition is what supports this proposition. Traditionally, the term is sometimes understood in a narrower sense: as the intuitive knowledge of facts that are considered indubitable. [2] [3] [4] In this sense, only the singular form is used. This meaning is found especially in phenomenology, in ...