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Aniracetam (brand names Draganon, Sarpul, Ampamet, Memodrin, Referan), also known as N-anisoyl-2-pyrrolidinone, is a racetam which is sold in Europe as a prescription drug. It is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the United States as a prescription medication or dietary supplement .
Although aniracetam and nebracetam show some affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, only nefiracetam demonstrates nanomolar interactions with neurotransmitter receptors. Modification of membrane-located mechanisms of central signal transduction is another hypothesis.
The racetams have poorly understood mechanisms, although piracetam and aniracetam are known to act as positive allosteric modulators of AMPA receptors and appear to modulate cholinergic systems. [33] Similar compounds, such as noopept and aloracetam , do not meet the chemical definition for being a racetam, though they are considered "racetam ...
Oxiracetam (developmental code name ISF 2522) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and a very mild stimulant. [1] [2] Several studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time.
Adrafinil, sold under the brand name Olmifon, is a wakefulness-promoting medication that was formerly used in France to improve alertness, attention, wakefulness, and mood, particularly in the elderly.
AMPA receptors modulated by aniracetam and CX614 will deactivate slower, and facilitate more overall cation transport. This is likely accomplished by aniracetam or CX614 binding to the back of the "clam shell" that contains the binding site for glutamate, stabilizing the closed conformation associated with activation of the AMPA receptor. [5] [9]
Sunifiram, as well as other nootropics such as piracetam, levetiracetam, and aniracetam are able to antagonize inhibition of glucose transport by barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital), diazepam, and certain other drugs in human erythrocytes in vitro (K i = 26.0 uM for sunifiram), and this action has been found to correlate with their potency in ...
Unlike other racetams, nefiracetam shows high affinity for the GABA A receptor (IC 50) = 8.5 nM), where it is presumed to be an agonist. [6] [7] It was able to potently inhibit 80% of muscimol binding to the GABA A receptor, although it failed to displace the remaining 20% of specific muscimol binding.