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Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi growing in the intestines, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, gallbladder, bone marrow and blood. [5] [7] Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the feces of an infected person. [8]
Typhoid-causing bacteria have become increasingly antibiotic resistant and have spread widely over the past three decades, a new study has suggested. ... Typhoid fever causes 11 million infections ...
The diseases are caused by specific types of bacterial infection. [1] Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii spread by body lice, scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi spread by chiggers, and murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi spread by fleas. [1] Vaccines have been developed, but none are commercially available.
Rickettsia typhi is a small, aerobic, obligate intracellular, rod shaped, gram negative bacterium. [1] R. typhi is a zoonotic bacterium that is recognized as a biocontainment level 2/3 organism (dependent upon the tissue being worked with).
Main causes of fecal–oral disease transmission include lack of adequate sanitation (leading to open defecation), and poor hygiene practices. If soil or water bodies are polluted with fecal material, humans can be infected with waterborne diseases or soil-transmitted diseases. Fecal contamination of food is another form of fecal-oral transmission.
Typhoid Mary in a 1909 newspaper illustration. Mary Mallon was an asymptomatic carrier of Salmonella typhi who is thought to have infected 53 others with typhoid fever while continuing her work as a cook. An asymptomatic carrier is a person or other organism that has become infected with a pathogen, but shows no signs or symptoms. [1]
In 2000, typhoid fever caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. [1] It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. [2] In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. [3]
Bovine tuberculosis, which is spread from raw milk, can require up to a year of antibiotics to fully cure. In some cases, illness from food pathogens can result in hospitalization or death.