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US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations require farmers who plant Bt corn to plant non-Bt corn nearby (called a refuge), with the logic that pests will infest the non-Bt corn and thus will not evolve a resistance to the Bt toxin. [33] Typically, 20% of corn in a grower's fields must be refuge; refuge must be at least 0.5 miles from ...
Insecticide use on corn farms declined from 0.21 pound per planted acre in 1995 to 0.02 pound in 2010. This is consistent with the decline in European corn borer populations as a direct result of Bt corn and cotton. The establishment of minimum refuge requirements helped delay the evolution of Bt resistance.
A refuge area is a countermeasure against pesticide resistance in agriculture. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] In this technique two adjacent pieces of land are demarcated, and ...
Smartstax corn has been advertised and promoted on television, at farm trade shows, and online as Monsanto has geared up for widespread commercial release. Smartstax is sold under the Genuity Brand by Monsanto and the Mycogen brand by Dow, but both companies have the right to sell it under as many names with as many additional technologies as ...
It is rare for an insect to survive after eating Bt corn, but when these resistant individuals mate with moths from the refuge area, the offspring they produce will still be susceptible to the toxin. [23] Studies on the dispersal of European corn borers found that planting refuge corn within a half-mile of Bt crops prevents resistance. [24]
Refuge areas of non-Bt crops limit resistance development in targeted pests. [17] The US Environmental Protection Agency requires farmers to have refuge areas of 20–50% non-Bt crops within 0.8 km of their Bt fields. [19] Such requirements were not seen in China, where instead farmers relied on natural refuge areas to decrease resistance. [18]
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MON 802 is an Insect Resistant maize under license from Monsanto Company. [2] Corn line MON802 was developed through genetic modification to be tolerant [3] to glyphosate herbicide and protect the plant from the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) (the Bt trait).