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Mitragyna speciosa is a tropical evergreen tree of the Rubiaceae family (coffee family) native to Southeast Asia. [3] It is indigenous to Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Papua New Guinea, [4] where its leaves, known as kratom, have been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th century. [5]
Kratom tea made from the dried leaves of the kratom tree. It has opioid-like properties and some stimulant-like effects. [14] [15] St. John's wort tea, the plant has been shown to have antidepressant properties according to a 2017 meta-analysis. [16] Ephedra tea, mainly from the plant Ephedra sinica. [17] It contains the stimulant ephedrine.
In Malaysian kratom varieties, mitragynine is present at lower concentration (12% of total alkaloids). [5] Total alkaloid concentration in dried leaves ranges from 0.5 to 1.5%. Such preparations are orally consumed and typically involve dried kratom leaves which are brewed into tea [4] [5] or ground and placed into capsules. [5]
Poppy tea is a herbal tea infusion brewed from poppy straw or seeds of several species of poppy. The species most commonly used for this purpose is Papaver somniferum, which produces opium as a natural defense against predators. In the live flower, opium is released when the surface of the bulb, called the seed pod, is pierced or scraped.
For example, in 2010, nine people died due to the combination of O-desmethyltramadol, a μ-opioid agonist and analgesic drug, and kratom, an Asiatic medicinal plant containing mitragynine, another μ-opioid agonist, in a synthetic cannabinoid product called "Krypton". [38] And in 2013, AH-7921 was detected in smoking blends in Japan. [39]
Khat (Catha edulis), also known as Bushman's tea, especially in South Africa, is a flowering plant native to eastern and southeastern Africa. [2] It has a history of cultivation originating in the Harar area (present day eastern Ethiopia) and subsequently introduced at different times to countries nearby in East Africa and Southern Arabia, most notably Yemen. [3]
Krating Daeng was first devised in 1975. It contains water, cane sugar, caffeine, taurine, inositol and B-vitamins.It was introduced in Thailand in 1976 as a refreshment for rural Thai labourers, in the same year that the similarly-named Red Gaurs paramilitary organization carried out attacks on students.
Salvia divinorum (Latin: sage of the diviners; also called ska maría pastora, seer's sage, yerba de la pastora, magic mint or simply salvia) is a species of plant in the sage genus Salvia, known for its transient psychoactive properties when its leaves, or extracts made from the leaves, are administered by smoking, chewing, or drinking (as a ...