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One of the beams may be replaced by a static target, in which case the approach is termed accelerator based fusion or beam-target fusion, but the physics is the same as colliding beams. [ 1 ] CBFRs face several problems that have limited their ability to be seriously considered as candidates for fusion power .
Penning fusion (PFX, LANL) Plasma jets (HyperV, Chantilly) Magnetized target fusion with mechanical compression (General Fusion, Burnaby) Field-reversed colliding beams (Tri-Alpha) Muon-catalyzed fusion (Berkeley, Alvarez) Dense Plasma Focus (Focus fusion, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Lerner) Rotating lithium wall (RWE, Maryland)
The conversion is based on a Traveling-Wave Direct Energy Converter (TWDEC). A gyrotron converter first guides fusion product ions as a beam into a 10-meter long microwave cavity filled with a 10-tesla magnetic field, where 155 MHz microwaves are generated and converted to a high voltage DC output through rectennas.
Colliding beam fusion: A beam of high energy particles fired at another beam or target can initiate fusion. This was used in the 1970s and 1980s to study the cross sections of fusion reactions. [8] However beam systems cannot be used for power because keeping a beam coherent takes more energy than comes from fusion.
Cluster Impact Fusion is a suggested method of producing practical fusion power using small clusters of heavy water molecules directly accelerated into a titanium-deuteride target. Calculations suggested that such a system enhanced the cross section by many orders of magnitude. It is a particular implementation of the larger beam-target fusion ...
A high-energy beam of deuterium ions generated by pyroelectric crystals was directed at a stationary, room-temperature ErD 2 or ErT 2 target, and fusion was observed. [ 2 ] In previous fusion research, such as inertial confinement fusion (ICF), fuel such as the rarer tritium is subjected to high pressure for a nano-second interval, triggering ...
Advanced Placement (AP) Biology (also known as AP Bio) is an Advanced Placement biology course and exam offered by the College Board in the United States. For the 2012–2013 school year, the College Board unveiled a new curriculum with a greater focus on "scientific practices".
The electron beam must be maintained in a vacuum, which requires the use of numerous vacuum pumps along the beam path. While this equipment is bulky and expensive, free-electron lasers can achieve very high peak powers, and the tunability of FELs makes them highly desirable in many disciplines, including chemistry, structure determination of ...