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In atomic physics and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another within an atom [1] or artificial atom. [2] The time scale of a quantum jump has not been measured experimentally.
The number of electrons orbiting a nucleus can be only an integer. Electrons jump between orbitals like particles. For example, if one photon strikes the electrons, only one electron changes state as a result. Electrons retain particle-like properties such as: each wave state has the same electric charge as its electron particle.
While periodic travelling waves have been known as solutions of the wave equation since the 18th century, their study in nonlinear systems began in the 1970s. A key early research paper was that of Nancy Kopell and Lou Howard [1] which proved several fundamental results on periodic travelling waves in reaction–diffusion equations.
A system of one or more electrons bound to a nucleus is called an atom. If the number of electrons is different from the nucleus's electrical charge, such an atom is called an ion. The wave-like behavior of a bound electron is described by a function called an atomic orbital. Each orbital has its own set of quantum numbers such as energy ...
where is position, is the wave function, is a periodic function with the same periodicity as the crystal, the wave vector is the crystal momentum vector, is Euler's number, and is the imaginary unit. Functions of this form are known as Bloch functions or Bloch states , and serve as a suitable basis for the wave functions or states of electrons ...
In a crystal structure of metallic solids, the free electron model (zero potential, φ e = 0) for the behavior of valence electrons is used. However, in a periodic lattice (crystal), there is periodic crystal potential, so the electron Hamiltonian becomes [19] = + (), where m e is the electron mass, and the periodic potential is expressed as φ ...
De Broglie, in his 1924 PhD thesis, [8] proposed that just as light has both wave-like and particle-like properties, electrons also have wave-like properties. His thesis started from the hypothesis, "that to each portion of energy with a proper mass m 0 one may associate a periodic phenomenon of the frequency ν 0, such that one finds: hν 0 ...
Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state. This can be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the electron absorbs a photon and gains all its energy [ 1 ] or by collisional excitation (CE), where the electron receives energy from a collision with another, energetic electron. [ 2 ]