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Space–time block coding is a technique used in wireless communications to transmit multiple copies of a data stream across a number of antennas and to exploit the various received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data transfer.
A short antenna pole next to a house Multiple Yagi TV aerials. Antennas are commonly placed on rooftops and sometimes in attics. Placing an antenna indoors significantly attenuates the level of the available signal. [19] [20] Directional antennas must be pointed at the transmitter they are receiving; in most cases great accuracy is not needed ...
The actual selection process can take place in between received packets of information. This ensures that a single antenna connection is maintained as much as possible. Switching can then take place on a packet-by-packet basis if necessary. Combining: In combining, all antennas maintain established connections at all times. The signals are then ...
A space–time code (STC) is a method employed to improve the reliability of data transmission in wireless communication systems using multiple transmit antennas. STCs rely on transmitting multiple, redundant copies of a data stream to the receiver in the hope that at least some of them may survive the physical path between transmission and ...
Counterpoises are typically used in antenna systems for radio transmitters where a good earth ground connection cannot be constructed.. Monopole antennas used at low frequencies, below 3 MHz, such as the mast radiator antennas used for AM broadcasting, require the radio transmitter to be electrically connected to the Earth under the antenna; this is called a ground (or earth).
An indoor antenna is a type of radio or TV antenna placed indoors, as opposed to being mounted on the roof. They are usually considered a simple and cheap solution to receive transmissions. An indoor antenna is prone to picking up electrical noise, but digital broadcasts are resistant to this noise.
The code was made publicly available for general use and has subsequently been distributed for many computer platforms from mainframes to PCs. NEC is widely used for modeling antenna designs, particularly for common designs like television and radio antennas, shortwave and ham radio, and similar examples. Examples of practically any common ...
In general, antenna violations must be fixed by the router. Possible fixes include: Change the order of the routing layers. If the gate(s) immediately connects to the highest metal layer, no antenna violation will normally occur. This solution is shown in Figure 3(a). Add vias near the gate(s), to connect the gate to the highest layer used.