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GCM was designed by John Viega and David A. McGrew to be an improvement to Carter–Wegman counter mode (CWC mode). [4] In November 2007, NIST announced the release of NIST Special Publication 800-38D Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: Galois/Counter Mode (GCM) and GMAC making GCM and GMAC official standards. [5]
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Note: CTR mode (CM) is also known as integer counter mode (ICM) and segmented integer counter (SIC) mode. Like OFB, counter mode turns a block cipher into a stream cipher. It generates the next keystream block by encrypting successive values of a "counter". The counter can be any function which produces a sequence which is guaranteed not to ...
Like Galois/Counter Mode, AES-GCM-SIV combines the well-known counter mode of encryption with the Galois mode of authentication. The key feature is the use of a synthetic initialization vector (SIV) which is computed with Galois field multiplication using a construction called POLYVAL (a little-endian variant of Galois/Counter Mode's GHASH).
Yes, Galois/Counter Mode needs a block cipher, because you cannot run a stream cipher in counter mode, by definition. You can combine a stream cipher with a MAC based on polynomial multiplication in general, in fact, Google in particular does this a lot, but it will not be reasonable to call it GCM.
A default cipher suite of GCM-AES-128 (Galois/Counter Mode of Advanced Encryption Standard cipher with 128-bit key) GCM-AES-256 using a 256 bit key was added to the standard 5 years later. Security tag inside each frame in addition to EtherType includes: association number within the channel
The basic operations of the LRW mode (AES cipher and Galois field multiplication) are the same as the ones used in the Galois/Counter Mode (GCM), thus permitting a compact implementation of the universal LRW/XEX/GCM hardware. The original XEX has a weakness. [12]
One use of these instructions is to improve the speed of applications doing block cipher encryption in Galois/Counter Mode, which depends on finite field GF(2 k) multiplication. Another application is the fast calculation of CRC values, [3] including those used to implement the LZ77 sliding window DEFLATE algorithm in zlib and pngcrush.