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In mathematics, the direct method in the calculus of variations is a general method for constructing a proof of the existence of a minimizer for a given functional, [1] introduced by Stanisław Zaremba and David Hilbert around 1900. The method relies on methods of functional analysis and topology. As well as being used to prove the existence of ...
Calculus of variations is concerned with variations of functionals, which are small changes in the functional's value due to small changes in the function that is its argument. The first variation [l] is defined as the linear part of the change in the functional, and the second variation [m] is defined as the quadratic part. [22]
In mathematics, the comparison test, sometimes called the direct comparison test to distinguish it from similar related tests (especially the limit comparison test), provides a way of deducing whether an infinite series or an improper integral converges or diverges by comparing the series or integral to one whose convergence properties are known.
It costs more time to solve this equation than explicit methods; this cost must be taken into consideration when one selects the method to use. The advantage of implicit methods such as ( 6 ) is that they are usually more stable for solving a stiff equation , meaning that a larger step size h can be used.
The Rayleigh–Ritz method for solving boundary-value problems in elasticity and wave propagation; Fermat's principle in geometrical optics; Hamilton's principle in classical mechanics; Maupertuis' principle in classical mechanics; The principle of least action in mechanics, electromagnetic theory, and quantum mechanics; The variational method ...
In mathematics, a collocation method is a method for the numerical solution of ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations and integral equations.The idea is to choose a finite-dimensional space of candidate solutions (usually polynomials up to a certain degree) and a number of points in the domain (called collocation points), and to select that solution which satisfies the ...
In mathematics, variation of parameters, also known as variation of constants, is a general method to solve inhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equations.. For first-order inhomogeneous linear differential equations it is usually possible to find solutions via integrating factors or undetermined coefficients with considerably less effort, although those methods leverage heuristics that ...
In mathematics, the Gateaux differential or Gateaux derivative is a generalization of the concept of directional derivative in differential calculus.Named after René Gateaux, it is defined for functions between locally convex topological vector spaces such as Banach spaces.