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When Lake Agassiz existed, the gap was the outlet to River Warren. The outflow from the melting glaciers filled Lake Agassiz and then drained through the gap to the Gulf of Mexico. This mass of moving water eroded a valley 2–5 kilometres (1.2–3.1 mi) wide and from 100 to 125 feet (30 to 38 m) deep.
Lake Agassiz was formed from the meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the Wisconsin glaciation of the last ice age. Agassiz was an enormous body of water, up to 600–700 ft (180–210 m) deep, and at various times covering areas totaling over 110,000 sq mi (280,000 km 2). [3]
From the Gaspereau center, on the divide crossing New Brunswick flowed into the Bay of Fundy and Chaleur Bay. [9] In New York, the ice that covered Manhattan was about 2,000 feet high before it began to melt in about 16,000 BC. The ice in the area disappeared around 10,000 BC.
Glacial Lake Agassiz was an enormous lake, larger in area than all the Great Lakes combined, and the largest body of fresh water ever to have existed in North America. [2] It extended from its outlet near Browns Valley, Minnesota west into South Dakota and North Dakota and north into Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario. [2]
Warren Upham was born in Amherst, New Hampshire and attended Dartmouth College.He married Addie M. Bixby in 1885 and they had a daughter. [2] [3]Upham worked as a geologist in New Hampshire before moving in 1879 to Minnesota to study the resources and glacial geology of that state.
Lockhart Phase of Lake Agassiz approximately 11,500 years ago when the Pembina Escarpment was formed. The area north of the orange line was the Laurentide Ice Sheet . The Pembina Escarpment is a scarp that runs from South Dakota to Manitoba , and forms the western wall of the Red River Valley .
Lake Agassiz filled until it overtopped the moraine about 11,700 years ago. The resulting enormous outflow of the lake carved a deep spillway through the moraine, through which cascaded Glacial River Warren. [2] This great river not only created the gap, it also cut the valleys of the present-day Minnesota and Upper Mississippi Rivers.
Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area is a 25,411-acre (10,283 ha) National Natural Landmark located in Koochiching County, Minnesota. Designated in November 1965 under the Historic Sites Act , its ownership and oversight are provided by the National Park Service of the United States. [ 2 ]