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Friction losses in a Kaplan turbine are less. The shaft of a Francis turbine is usually vertical (in many of the early machines it was horizontal), whereas in a Kaplan turbine it is always vertical. A Francis turbine's specific speed is medium (60–300 RPM); a Kaplan turbine's specific speed is high (300–1000 RPM).
Francis inlet scroll at the Grand Coulee Dam Side-view cutaway of a vertical Francis turbine. Here water enters horizontally in a spiral-shaped pipe (spiral case) wrapped around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner and exits vertically down through the center of the turbine. The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine.
The Kaplan turbine was an evolution of the Francis turbine. Its invention allowed efficient power production in low-head applications which was not possible with Francis turbines. [2] The head ranges from 10 to 70 metres (33 to 230 ft) and the output ranges from 5 to 200 MW. Runner diameters are between 2 and 11 metres (6 ft 7 in and 36 ft 1 in).
The two engineers worked on improving the turbine. And in 1848, Francis and Boyden successfully improved the turbine with what is now known as the Francis turbine. Francis's turbine eclipsed the Boyden turbine in power by 90%. In 1855, Francis published these findings in the "Lowell Hydraulic Experiments". [8]
A rare Gem-brand sewing machine produced by the White Sewing Machine Company, circa 1887. A sewing machine is a machine used to stitch fabric and other materials together with thread. [1] Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. [2]
The upper reservoir can hold about 1.5 billion US gallons (4,600 acre-feet; 5.7 million cubic metres) of water behind a wall nearly 100 feet (30 m) tall. [12] It sits 760 feet (230 m) above the 450 MW hydroelectric plant, which gives it a greater head than that of Hoover Dam.
In 2003, Tacony Corporation acquired Nancy's Notions, a sewing accessories company founded by TV Host Nancy Zieman. [5] In May 2020 the company sold Nancy’s Notions to the Missouri Star Quilting Company. [6] In 2007, Tacony Corporation acquired Chicago-based Tornado Industries, commercial and industrial cleaning equipment company [7]
After the success of the first Kaplan turbines they started being used worldwide and remain one of the most widely used kinds of water turbines. In 1926 and 1934 Kaplan received honorary doctorates. He died of a stroke in 1934 at Unterach am Attersee, Austria. Kaplan was honored and featured on the 1000 Austrian schilling banknote in 1961.