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In his book The Trouble With Physics, physicist Lee Smolin of the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics claims that this is the principal weakness of string theory as a theory of quantum gravity, saying that string theory has failed to incorporate this important insight from general relativity.
11-dimensional supergravity, a field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity. 11-dimensional spacetime, which appears in M-theory, a proposed "master theory" that unifies the five superstring theories Introduction to M-theory "11th Dimension" (song), by Julian Casablancas, 2009
The low-energy effective field theory of type IIA string theory is given by type IIA supergravity. [ 15 ] : 187 The fields correspond to the different massless excitations of the string, with the metric, 2-form B {\displaystyle B} , and dilaton being NSNS states that are found in all string theories, while the 3-form and 1-form fields ...
In string theory, spacetime is ten-dimensional (nine spatial dimensions, and one time dimension), while in M-theory it is eleven-dimensional (ten spatial dimensions, and one time dimension). In order to describe real physical phenomena using these theories, one must therefore imagine scenarios in which these extra dimensions would not be ...
An 11-dimensional theory introduced in the second string theory revolution to unify the 5 known superstring theories. The letter M has been said to stand for membrane, matrix, magic, mystery, monster, and so on. MSW Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect concerning neutrino oscillations in matter. multiplet
Furthermore, type IIA theory in strong coupling behaves like an 11-dimensional theory, with the dilaton field playing the role of an eleventh dimension. This 11-dimensional theory is known as M-theory. Unlike the T-duality, however, S-duality has not been proven to even a physics level of rigor for any of the aforementioned cases.
When going from the classical theory to the quantum theory of supermembranes it is found that they can only exist in 11 dimensions, just as superstrings can only exist in 10 dimensions. When examining the energy spectrum (the allowed frequencies that a string can vibrate in) it was found that they can only be in discrete values corresponding to ...
In type I open string theory, the ends of open strings are always attached to D-brane surfaces. A string theory with more gauge fields such as SU(2) gauge fields would then correspond to the compactification of some higher-dimensional theory above 11 dimensions, which is not thought to be possible to date.