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Exonucleases remove these unpaired nucleotides and the gaps are filled by DNA synthesis and repair machinery. [1] [3] Exonucleases may also cause shortening of this junction, however this process is still poorly understood. [4] Junctional diversity is liable to cause frame-shift mutations and thus production of non-functional proteins ...
DNA-PK forms a complex that leads to its autophosphorylation, resulting in activation of Artemis. The coding end hairpins are opened by the activity of Artemis. [17] If they are opened at the center, a blunt DNA end will result; however in many cases, the opening is "off-center" and results in extra bases remaining on one strand (an overhang).
Circulating mitochondrial DNA, also called cell-free circulating mitochondrial DNA and circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf mtDNA), are short sections of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that are released by cells undergoing stress or other damaging or pathological events.
Cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) is present in the circulating plasma and in other body fluids. [13] The release of cfDNA into the bloodstream appears by different reasons, including apoptosis, necrosis and NETosis. Its rapidly increased accumulation in blood during tumor development is caused by an excessive DNA release by apoptotic cells and necrotic ...
conjugative - mediate DNA transfer through conjugation and therefore spread rapidly among the bacterial cells of a population; e.g., F plasmid, many R and some col plasmids. nonconjugative - do not mediate DNA through conjugation, e.g., many R and col plasmids. The pBR322 plasmid is one of the first plasmids widely used as a cloning vector.
Single-cell DNA methylation sequencing has been widely used to explore epigenetic differences in genetically similar cells. To validate these methods during their development, the single-cell methylome data of a mixed population were successfully classified by hierarchal clustering to identify distinct cell types. [ 35 ]
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The Pribnow box has a function similar to the TATA box that occurs in promoters in eukaryotes and archaea: it is recognized and bound by a subunit of RNA polymerase during initiation of transcription. [3] This region of the DNA is also the first place where base pairs separate during prokaryotic transcription to allow access to the template strand.