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In mathematics, the Neumann (or second-type) boundary condition is a type of boundary condition, named after Carl Neumann. [1] When imposed on an ordinary or a partial differential equation , the condition specifies the values of the derivative applied at the boundary of the domain .
Boundary value problems are similar to initial value problems.A boundary value problem has conditions specified at the extremes ("boundaries") of the independent variable in the equation whereas an initial value problem has all of the conditions specified at the same value of the independent variable (and that value is at the lower boundary of the domain, thus the term "initial" value).
The solution of partial differential equation in an external domain gives rise to a Poincaré–Steklov operator that brings the boundary condition from infinity to the boundary. One example is the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator that maps the given temperature on the boundary of a cavity in infinite medium with zero temperature at infinity to ...
In mathematics, the Neumann–Poincaré operator or Poincaré–Neumann operator, named after Carl Neumann and Henri Poincaré, is a non-self-adjoint compact operator introduced by Poincaré to solve boundary value problems for the Laplacian on bounded domains in Euclidean space.
Green: Neumann boundary condition; purple: Dirichlet boundary condition. In mathematics, a mixed boundary condition for a partial differential equation defines a boundary value problem in which the solution of the given equation is required to satisfy different boundary conditions on disjoint parts of the boundary of the domain where the condition is stated.
In other words, we can solve for φ(x) everywhere inside a volume where either (1) the value of φ(x) is specified on the bounding surface of the volume (Dirichlet boundary conditions), or (2) the normal derivative of φ(x) is specified on the bounding surface (Neumann boundary conditions). Suppose the problem is to solve for φ(x) inside the ...
The Neumann boundary conditions for Laplace's equation specify not the function φ itself on the boundary of D but its normal derivative. Physically, this corresponds to the construction of a potential for a vector field whose effect is known at the boundary of D alone. For the example of the heat equation it amounts to prescribing the heat ...
The uniqueness theorem for Poisson's equation states that, for a large class of boundary conditions, the equation may have many solutions, but the gradient of every solution is the same. In the case of electrostatics , this means that there is a unique electric field derived from a potential function satisfying Poisson's equation under the ...