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2. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

   Interactions can be direct when physical contact is established or indirect, through intermediaries such as shared resources, territories, ecological services, metabolic waste, toxins or growth inhibitors. This type of relationship can be shown by net effect based on individual effects on both organisms arising out of relationship.

3. PK/PD model - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PK/PD_model

   PK/PD relationships can be described by simple equations such as linear model, Emax model or sigmoid Emax model. [5] However, if a delay is observed between the drug administration and the drug effect, a temporal dissociation needs to be taken into account and more complex models exist: [6] [7] Direct vs Indirect link PK/PD models

4. Mediation (statistics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediation_(statistics)

   Indirect effect in a simple mediation model: The indirect effect constitutes the extent to which the X variable influences the Y variable through the mediator. In linear systems, the total effect is equal to the sum of the direct and indirect (C' + AB in the model above). In nonlinear models, the total effect is not generally equal to the sum ...

5. Reciprocity (evolution) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(evolution)

   Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. [1] If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates.

6. Inverted repeat - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_repeat

   A direct repeat occurs when a sequence is repeated with the same pattern downstream. [1] There is no inversion and no reverse complement associated with a direct repeat. The nucleotide sequence written in bold characters signifies the repeated sequence. It may or may not have intervening nucleotides. 5´ TTACGnnnnnnTTACG 3´ 3 ...

7. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

   Fungi's relationship to plants in the form of mycelium evolved from parasitism and commensalism. Under certain conditions species of fungi previously in a state of mutualism can turn parasitic on weak or dying plants. [24] Likewise the symbiotic relationship of clown fish and sea anemones emerged from a commensalist relationship.