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Epiretinal membrane is typically diagnosed by appearance with optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macula. Features include a thickening of the nerve fiber layer and a serrated appearance to the surface of the retina just beneath a thickened layer of glial tissue at the retinal-vitreous interface.
The causes of macular edema are numerous and different causes may be inter-related. It is commonly associated with diabetes.Chronic or uncontrolled diabetes type 2 can affect peripheral blood vessels including those of the retina which may leak fluid, blood and occasionally fats into the retina causing it to swell.
[5] [2] Medical ultrasound may be used to detect scleral and choroidal thickening, anterior chamber depth, ciliary detachment and cyclodialysis cleft. [2] OCT scanning can be used in detecting abnormalities of retina and choroid.
Neovascular or exudative AMD, the "wet" form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization) in the choriocapillaris, through Bruch's membrane. It is usually, but not always, preceded by the dry form of AMD.
Macular pucker: Macular pucker also known as an epiretinal membrane cause metamorphopsia and distortions in central field of vision. Cystoid macular edema: Due to macular edema, micropsia may occur. [3] Glaucoma: Amsler grid is useful in detecting central field defects in moderate to severe glaucoma. [7]
Epiretinal membrane ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate FTMH Full thickness macular hole FMNS Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (Latent nystagmus) Fx Family history GPC Giant papillary conjunctivitis Hx Hospital or History HES Hospital eye service IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ILM Internal limiting membrane IRMA
Other cellular extensions that protrude from the cell membrane are known as membrane protrusions or cell protrusions, also cell appendages, such as flagella, and microvilli. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Microtentacles are cell protrusions attached to free-floating cells, associated with the spread of some cancer cells .
COX-2 expression was found in human idiopathic epiretinal membranes. [7] Phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase blocking reduced structural abnormalities of the rat retina in concanavalin model of PVR [8] and reduced the frequency of membrane formation by 43% in the dispase model of PVR and by 31% in the concanavalin one.