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The first two steps of the Gram–Schmidt process. In mathematics, particularly linear algebra and numerical analysis, the Gram–Schmidt process or Gram-Schmidt algorithm is a way of finding a set of two or more vectors that are perpendicular to each other.
Given a pre-Hilbert space , an orthonormal basis for is an orthonormal set of vectors with the property that every vector in can be written as an infinite linear combination of the vectors in the basis. In this case, the orthonormal basis is sometimes called a Hilbert basis for . Note that an orthonormal basis in this sense is not generally a ...
The Gram-Schmidt theorem, together with the axiom of choice, guarantees that every vector space admits an orthonormal basis. This is possibly the most significant use of orthonormality, as this fact permits operators on inner-product spaces to be discussed in terms of their action on the space's orthonormal basis vectors. What results is a deep ...
The solution can then be expressed as ^ = (), where is an matrix containing the first columns of the full orthonormal basis and where is as before. Equivalent to the underdetermined case, back substitution can be used to quickly and accurately find this x ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {x} }}} without explicitly inverting R 1 {\displaystyle R ...
In mathematics, the Haar wavelet is a sequence of rescaled "square-shaped" functions which together form a wavelet family or basis. Wavelet analysis is similar to Fourier analysis in that it allows a target function over an interval to be represented in terms of an orthonormal basis. The Haar sequence is now recognised as the first known ...
The tangent, normal, and binormal unit vectors, often called T, N, and B, or collectively the Frenet–Serret frame (TNB frame or TNB basis), together form an orthonormal basis that spans, and are defined as follows: T is the unit vector tangent to the curve, pointing in the direction of motion.
In linear algebra, an orthogonal diagonalization of a normal matrix (e.g. a symmetric matrix) is a diagonalization by means of an orthogonal change of coordinates. [1]The following is an orthogonal diagonalization algorithm that diagonalizes a quadratic form q(x) on n by means of an orthogonal change of coordinates X = PY.
In finite-dimensional spaces, the matrix representation (with respect to an orthonormal basis) of an orthogonal transformation is an orthogonal matrix. Its rows are mutually orthogonal vectors with unit norm, so that the rows constitute an orthonormal basis of V. The columns of the matrix form another orthonormal basis of V.