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PSR J0952–0607 is a massive millisecond pulsar in a binary system, located between 3,200–5,700 light-years (970–1,740 pc) from Earth in the constellation Sextans. [6] It holds the record for being the most massive neutron star known as of 2022, with a mass 2.35 ± 0.17 times that of the Sun—potentially close to the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff mass upper limit for neutron stars.
The pulsar was discovered by Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1974. Their discovery of the system and analysis of it earned them the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation." [8]
PSR B0943+10 is a pulsar 2,000 light years from Earth [2] in the direction of the constellation of Leo. [4] It was discovered at Pushchino in December 1968, becoming the first pulsar discovered by Soviet astronomers. [5] [6] The original designation of this pulsar was PP 0943. [1]
The Crab pulsar 33-millisecond pulse period was too short to be consistent with other proposed models for pulsar emission. Moreover, the Crab pulsar is so named because it is located at the center of the Crab Nebula, consistent with the 1933 prediction of Baade and Zwicky. [23]
The first radio pulsar was discovered in 1967 by Jocelyn Bell and her adviser, Antony Hewish using the Interplanetary Scintillation Array. [4] Franco Pacini and Thomas Gold quickly put forth the idea that pulsars are highly magnetized rotating neutron stars, which form as a result of a supernova at the end of the life of stars more massive than about 10 times the mass of the Sun (M ☉).
This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page: Energy densities table ... Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell [17] 1.62:
The Crab Nebula, and the Crab Pulsar within it, is an intense space X-ray source. It is used as a standard candle in the calibration procedure of X-ray instruments in space. However, because of the Crab Nebula's variable intensity at different X-ray energies, conversion of the Crab to another units depends on the X-ray energy range of interest.
A primitive cell is a unit cell that contains exactly one lattice point. For unit cells generally, lattice points that are shared by n cells are counted as 1 / n of the lattice points contained in each of those cells; so for example a primitive unit cell in three dimensions which has lattice points only at its eight vertices is considered to contain 1 / 8 of each of them. [3]