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Martínez López de Letona J. (2007). La historia natural de la enfermedad como fuente esencial para la formulación del pronóstico (PDF). Madrid: HM. ISBN 978-84-612-7199-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-18. Bhopal, R. (2008). Concepts of Epidemiology. Integrating the ideas, theories, principles and methods of epidemiology (2nd ...
The following is a list of WHO recommended strains for the Northern Hemisphere influenza season. Starting in the 2012–2013 season, the recommendation shifted to include the composition of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) that contains both influenza B lineages, alongside a trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) containing one influenza B lineage.
A 2009 study in Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses based on data from fourteen European countries estimated a total of 2.64 million excess deaths in Europe attributable to the Spanish flu during the major 1918–1919 phase of the pandemic, in line with the three prior studies from 1991, 2002, and 2006 that calculated a European death toll ...
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This is a timeline of influenza, briefly describing major events such as outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, discoveries and developments of vaccines.In addition to specific year/period-related events, there is the seasonal flu that kills between 250,000 and 500,000 people every year and has claimed between 340 million and 1 billion human lives throughout history.
Influenza A viruses can occasionally be transmitted from wild birds to other species, causing outbreaks in domestic poultry, and may give rise to human influenza pandemics. [1] [2] The propagation of influenza viruses throughout the world is thought to be in part by bird migrations, though commercial shipments of live bird products might also ...
The "Asian Flu" was a category 2 flu pandemic outbreak of influenzavirus A that first appeared in Guizhou, China in early 1957 and lasted until 1958. [6] The first cases were reported in Singapore in February 1957. In February 1957, a new influenza A (H2N2) virus emerged in East Asia, triggering a pandemic (“Asian Flu”).
Between December 1988 and March 1989, 19 influenza H1N2 virus isolates were identified in 6 cities in China, but the virus did not spread further. [2]A(H1N2) was identified during the 2001–02 flu season (northern hemisphere) in Canada, the U.S., Ireland, Latvia, France, Romania, Oman, India, Malaysia, and Singapore with earliest documented outbreak of the virus occurring in India on May 31 ...