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Both Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein become Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics at high temperature or at low concentration. Bose–Einstein statistics was introduced for photons in 1924 by Bose and generalized to atoms by Einstein in 1924–25. The expected number of particles in an energy state i for Bose–Einstein statistics is:
Besides these practical applications of Bose–Einstein correlations in interferometry, the quantum statistical approach [10] has led to quite an unexpected heuristic application, related to the principle of identical particles, the fundamental starting point of Bose–Einstein correlations.
The same team demonstrated in 2017 the first creation of a Bose–Einstein condensate in space [73] and it is also the subject of two upcoming experiments on the International Space Station. [74] [75] Researchers in the new field of atomtronics use the properties of Bose–Einstein condensates in the emerging quantum technology of matter-wave ...
A magneto-optical trap is usually the first step to achieving Bose–Einstein condensation. Atoms are cooled in a MOT down to a few times the recoil limit, and then evaporatively cooled which lowers the temperature and increases the density to the required phase space density.
is the intensity incident on an area A of the photodetector and is given by [4] Comparison of the Poisson and Bose-Einstein distributions. The Poisson distribution is characteristic of coherent light while the Bose-Einstein distribution is characteristic of thermal light.
A difference in repulsion of Bose–Einstein condensate in the "trap-and-free fall" analogy of the HBT effect [6] affects comparison. Also, in the field of particle physics , Gerson Goldhaber et al. performed an experiment in 1959 in Berkeley and found an unexpected angular correlation among identical pions , discovering the ρ 0 resonance , by ...
A Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a collection of boson atoms that are all in the same quantum state. [25] In a thermodynamic system, the ground state becomes macroscopically occupied below a critical temperature — roughly when the thermal de Broglie wavelength is longer than the interatomic spacing.
Cavity optomechanics is closely related to trapped ion physics and Bose–Einstein condensates. These systems share very similar Hamiltonians, but have fewer particles (about 10 for ion traps and 10 5 –10 8 for Bose–Einstein condensates) interacting with the field of light.