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Fermentation is a type of redox metabolism carried out in the absence of oxygen. [1] [2] During fermentation, organic molecules (e.g., glucose) are catabolized and donate electrons to other organic molecules. In the process, ATP and organic end products (e.g., lactate) are formed. Because oxygen is not required, it is an alternative to aerobic ...
The ABE fermentation via Clostridium beijerinckii or Clostridium acetobutylicum for instance is characterized by product inhibition. This means that there is a product concentration threshold that cannot be overcome, resulting in a product stream highly diluted in water. [11] Phase equilibrium diagram for 1-butanol–ethanol–water ternary mixture
Box fermentation of cocoa beans, covered by banana leaves. In the fermentation process, mature cocoa beans are stored in proximity. [3] Over that time, yeast and bacteria in the pulp multiply and break down sugars and mucilage. As these break down, much of the pulp liquifies, draining away. How beans are stored depends on the location.
Grapes being trodden to extract the juice and made into wine in storage jars. Tomb of Nakht, 18th dynasty, Thebes, Ancient Egypt. Sourdough starter. In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—without an oxidizing agent being used in the reaction.
The Reichstein process in chemistry is a combined chemical and microbial method for the production of ascorbic acid from D-glucose that takes place in several steps. [1] This process was devised by Nobel Prize winner Tadeusz Reichstein and his colleagues in 1933 while working in the laboratory of the ETH in Zürich .
The mixed acid fermentation pathway in E. coli. [1] [2] End products are highlighted in blue.In biochemistry, mixed acid fermentation is the metabolic process by which a six-carbon sugar (e.g. glucose, C 6 H 12 O 6) is converted into a complex and variable mixture of acids.
Stickland fermentation or The Stickland Reaction [1] is the name for a chemical reaction that involves the coupled oxidation and reduction of amino acids to organic acids. The electron donor amino acid is oxidised to a volatile carboxylic acid one carbon atom shorter than the original amino acid.