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Atomic Spectroscopy, by W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135–153. This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1, subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State.
118 chemical elements have been identified and named officially by IUPAC.A chemical element, often simply called an element, is a type of atom which has a specific number of protons in its atomic nucleus (i.e., a specific atomic number, or Z).
Thus, it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. [9] Today, 118 elements are known, the first 94 of which are known to occur naturally on Earth at present. [10] [a] The remaining 24, americium to oganesson (95–118), occur only when synthesized in laboratories.
9 - 79 Au 1 14 10 - 80 Hg 2 14 10 - 81 Tl 2 14 10 1 82 Pb 2 14 10 2 83 Bi 2 14 10 3 84 Po 2 14 10 4 85 At 2 14 10 5 86 Rn 2 14 10 6 [Rn] 7s: 5f: 6d: 7p: 87 Fr 1--- 88 Ra 2--- 89 Ac 2-1 - 90 Th 2-2 - 91 Pa 2 2 1 - 92 U 2 3 1 - 93 Np 2 4 1 - 94 Pu 2 6-- 95 Am 2 7-- 96 Cm 2 7 1 - 97 Bk 2 9-- 98 Cf 2 10-- 99 Es 2 11-- 100 Fm 2 12-- 101 Md 2 13 ...
Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number; [5] siderophiles shown in yellow Graphs of abundance against atomic number can reveal patterns relating abundance to stellar nucleosynthesis and geochemistry.
Thus element 164 with 7d 10 9s 0 is noted by Fricke et al. to be analogous to palladium with 4d 10 5s 0, and they consider elements 157–172 to have chemical analogies to groups 3–18 (though they are ambivalent on whether elements 165 and 166 are more like group 1 and 2 elements or more like group 11 and 12 elements, respectively). Thus ...
The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion.
In nuclear physics, a magic number is a number of nucleons (either protons or neutrons, separately) such that they are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus. As a result, atomic nuclei with a "magic" number of protons or neutrons are much more stable than other nuclei.