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Social discount rate (SDR) is the discount rate used in computing the value of funds spent on social projects. Discount rates are used to put a present value on costs and benefits that will occur at a later date.
The concept of the stochastic discount factor (SDF) is used in financial economics and mathematical finance.The name derives from the price of an asset being computable by "discounting" the future cash flow ~ by the stochastic factor ~, and then taking the expectation. [1]
If we consider the value of the original payment presently due to be P, and the debtor wants to delay the payment for t years, then a market rate of return denoted r on a similar investment asset means the future value of P is (+), [2] [7] and the discount can be calculated as
Ambalat is a sea block in the Celebes sea located off the east coast of Borneo.It lies to the south-east of the Malaysian state of Sabah and to the east of the Indonesian province of North Kalimantan, and it is the subject of a territorial dispute between the two nations.
The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS.The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM).
The Andaman Sea (historically also known as the Burma Sea) [4] is a marginal sea of the northeastern Indian Ocean bounded by the coastlines of Myanmar and Thailand along the Gulf of Martaban and the west side of the Malay Peninsula, and separated from the Bay of Bengal to its west by the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands.
Each cash inflow/outflow is discounted back to its present value (PV). Then all are summed such that NPV is the sum of all terms: = (+) where: t is the time of the cash flow; i is the discount rate, i.e. the return that could be earned per unit of time on an investment with similar risk
Isochrone maps have been used in transportation planning since at least 1887. [21] [22] Isochrone maps in the context of transport planning are essentially maps of accessibility where travel time is used as the cost metric.