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Common rifle cartridges, from the largest .50 BMG to the smallest .22 Long Rifle with a $1 United States dollar bill in the background as a reference point. This is a table of selected pistol/submachine gun and rifle/machine gun cartridges by common name. Data values are the highest found for the cartridge, and might not occur in the same load ...
Firearm muzzle velocities range from approximately 120 m/s (390 ft/s) to 370 m/s (1,200 ft/s) in black powder muskets, [3] to more than 1,200 m/s (3,900 ft/s) [4] in modern rifles with high-velocity cartridges such as the .220 Swift and .204 Ruger, all the way to 1,700 m/s (5,600 ft/s) [5] for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition.
In the open division, IPSC has a lower power factor requirement of 160 kgr·ft/s for major, while the other IPSC handgun divisions require a power factor of 170 kgr·ft/s for major. Open and revolver are also the only divisions that allows major scoring with a 9 mm bullet diameter (the other handgun divisions require a 10 mm bullet diameter).
For example, in Denmark rifle ammunition used for hunting the largest types of game there such as red deer must have a kinetic energy E 100 (i.e.: at 100 m (110 yd) range) of at least 2,700 J (2,000 ft⋅lbf) and a bullet mass of at least 9 g (140 gr) or alternatively an E 100 of at least 2,000 J (1,500 ft⋅lbf) and a bullet mass of at least ...
Bullets weighing 2.6 g (40 grains) or less are recommended for optimal use in 5.7×28mm applications, [47] but the 228.6 mm (1:9 in) rifling twist rate (distance the bullet must travel to complete one full revolution) used in the firearms' barrels will stabilize bullets weighing up to 4.5 g (70 grains).
In this instance, heavier bullets are loaded in standard ammunition, which reduces muzzle velocity below the speed of sound. As an example, the very common 9×19mm Parabellum standard military round is a 7.5 g (116 gr) bullet at velocities typically around 360 m/s (1,200 ft/s). Subsonic loads for 9×19mm Parabellum commonly use 9.5 g (147 gr ...
Although not originally designed for handguns, several rifle and shotgun cartridges have also been chambered in a number of large handguns, primarily in revolvers like the Phelps Heritage revolver, Century Arms revolver, Thompson/Centre Contender break-open pistol, Magnum Research BFR, and the Pfeifer Zeliska revolvers. These include:
However, the .500 Bushwhacker cartridge can generate 3,004.6 ft/s (916 m/s) with a 230-grain bullet from a 14-inch (356 mm) revolver. [6] The .460 cartridge achieves high velocities by combining light-for-caliber bullets, a large case capacity, and the high chamber pressures (65,000 psi maximum) typical of magnum rifle cartridges.