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Abdalqadir as-Sufi (born Ian Stewart Dallas; 1930 Ayr – 1 August 2021 Cape Town) was a Scottish Muslim leader and author. He was Shaykh of Instruction , leader of the Darqawi-Shadhili-Qadiri Tariqa , founder of the Murabitun World Movement and author of numerous books on Islam , Sufism and political theory.
The stations are derived from the most routine considerations a Sufi must deal with on a day-to-day basis and is essentially an embodiment of both mystical knowledge and Islamic law . Although the number and order of maqamat are not universal the majority agree on the following seven: Tawba, Wara', Zuhd, Faqr, Ṣabr, Tawakkul, and Riḍā. [ 3 ]
He was inducted into a Sufi order [6] and it is thought that he may have worked at the court of the Aceh Sultanate. Hamzah travelled widely, and was known to have visited the Malay Peninsula, Mughal India, Mecca and Medina, and Baghdad. [4] He was one of the earliest Southeast Asians to have completed the hajj during the early 16th century.
Like other Sufi orders, Khufiyya is characterized by the veneration of Muslim saints, the search for enlightenment, and dhikr (quiet repetition of devotional phrases or prayers). The dhikr of Khufiyya followers are in a low tone or even silent, which references the meaning of the name Khufiyya , "the silent" or "the concealed/hidden".
Junayd taught in Baghdad throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi doctrine. Like Hasan of Basra before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance in Sufi theology, Junayd was often referred to as the "Sultan". [4]
In Sufi teachings, ma'rifa "is an apprehension of the divine unity in such a way that awareness of self is lost in awareness of God". [4] The term 'arif, meaning "gnostic," has been employed to describe accomplished mystics who have reached the elevated spiritual stage of maʿrifa. [5]
Fanaa (Arabic: فناء fanāʾ ) in Sufism is the "passing away" or "annihilation" (of the self). [1] Fana means "to die before one dies", a concept highlighted by famous notable Persian mystics such as Rumi.
Sufi Uzbeks (Kalandariyya) Some see the Qalandariyya (also spelled Kalandariyya) as a continuation of the Malamatiyya, yet the Qalandariyya in many ways are opposite to the Malamatiyya. [ 35 ] The Malamatiyya approach is known as "the way of blame" whereas the Qalandariyya is called "the way of those who are free-spirited".