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The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) [a] is the common government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, comprising 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district (national capital) of Washington, D.C ...
Florida is unique among U.S. states in having a strong cabinet-style government. Members of the Florida Cabinet are independently elected, and have equal footing with the governor on issues under the Cabinet's jurisdiction. The Cabinet consists of the attorney general, the commissioner of agriculture and the chief financial officer.
The customary method by which agencies of the United States government are created, abolished, consolidated, or divided is through an act of Congress. [2] The presidential reorganization authority essentially delegates these powers to the president for a defined period of time, permitting the President to take those actions by decree. [3]
Florida used the rational basis test standard of review even though the law was content neutral because a jailhouse is a non-public forum. Ward v. Rock Against Racism , 491 U.S. 781 (1989) held that a city's restriction on loud music volume controlled by equipment and technicians is constitutional because it is narrowly tailored.
The federal government increased its powers under the presidency of Barack Obama (2009–2017), and to an extent, the powers of the state governments also grew. In 2011, scholar Gillian Metzger discussed that "national developments entail some preemption and new state burdens.
Courts established by the Constitution can regulate government under the Constitution, the supreme law of the land. [j] First, they have jurisdiction over actions by an officer of government and state law. Second, federal courts may rule on whether coordinate branches of national government conform to the Constitution.
Under rational basis review, it is "entirely irrelevant" what end the government is actually seeking and statutes can be based on "rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data". [9] Rather, if the court can merely hypothesize a "legitimate" interest served by the challenged action, it will withstand rational basis review. [ 10 ]
In 1995, the Court held that the Crime Control Act of 1990, which the Gun-Free School Zones Act was a part of, was unconstitutional because it was an "impermissible extension of congressional power under the Commerce Clause." [34] Lopez remains the central case regarding the authority of Congress under the commerce power. [35]