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Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) form the third most abundant solid component (dissolved or emulsified or suspended in water) of human milk, after lactose and fat. [9] HMOs are present in a concentration of 11.3 – 17.7 g/L (1.5 oz/gal – 2.36 oz/gal) in human milk, depending on lactation stages. [10]
Human milk immunity is the protection provided to the immune system of an infant via the biologically active components in human milk. Human milk was previously thought to only provide passive immunity primarily through Secretory IgA , but advances in technology have led to the identification of various immune-modulating components.
[71] [72] Furthermore, relative to other mammalian milks such as primate milk, human milk appears to be unique with respect to the complexity and diversity of its oligosaccharide repertoire. Human milk is typified by greater overall HMO diversity and predominance of oligosaccharides known to promote growth of Bifidobacterium in the infant gut. [73]
Human milk contains 0.8–0.9% protein, 4.5% fat, 7.1% carbohydrates, and 0.2% ash (minerals). [56] Carbohydrates are mainly lactose; several lactose-based oligosaccharides (also called human milk oligosaccharides) have been identified as minor components. [57]
2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) is a fucosylated neutral trisaccharide composed of L-fucose, D-galactose, and D-glucose units. It is the most prevalent human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) naturally present in human breast milk, making up about 30% of all of HMOs. [1]
[8] [9] Lacto-N-tetraose and other human milk oligosaccharides are subsequently found excreted in the urine after consumption of human milk. [8] [9] Lacto-N-tetraose in particular has been found to specifically promote growth of the species Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis. [10] [6] B. infantis aids in digestion and is considered ...
Human milk is an example of this and contains oligosaccharides, known as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are derived from lactose. [21] [22] These oligosaccharides have biological function in the development of the gut flora of infants. Examples include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose.
Towards understanding intervention with human milk, experts have noted cow's and human milk differ in their immunoglobular and glycan compositions. [26] [27] Due to their relative ease of production, human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are a subject of particular interest in supplementation and intervention. [28]