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Pourbaix diagram of iron. [1] The Y axis corresponds to voltage potential. In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E H –pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system.
This equation is the equation of a straight line for as a function of pH with a slope of () volt (pH has no units). This equation predicts lower E h {\displaystyle E_{h}} at higher pH values. This is observed for the reduction of O 2 into H 2 O, or OH − , and for reduction of H + into H 2 .
Unlike the standard hydrogen electrode, its measured potential does change with the pH, so it can be directly used in the electrolyte. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The name refers to the fact that the electrode is directly immersed in the actual electrolyte solution and not separated by a salt bridge .
Solid Converter PDF is document reconstruction software from Solid Documents which converts PDF files to editable formats. Originally released for the Microsoft Windows operating system, a Mac OS X version was released in 2010. The current versions are Solid Converter PDF 9.0 for Windows and Solid PDF to Word for Mac 2.1.
PDFtk (short for PDF Toolkit) is a toolkit for manipulating Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It runs on Linux , Windows and macOS . [ 5 ] It comes in three versions: PDFtk Server ( open-source command-line tool ), PDFtk Free ( freeware ) and PDFtk Pro ( proprietary paid ). [ 2 ]
If a pH electrode is not well calibrated, an offset correction can be computed in situ from the acid-side Gran slope: For a titration of acid by base, the acid-side slope ( − [ O H − ] 0 10 b 0 {\displaystyle -[OH^{-}]_{0^{}}10^{b_{0}}} ) can serve to compute b 0 {\displaystyle b_{0^{}}} using a known value of [ O H − ] 0 {\displaystyle ...
A typical titration curve of a diprotic acid, oxalic acid, titrated with a strong base, sodium hydroxide.Both equivalence points are visible. Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the ...
Scatchard [10] extended the theory to allow the interaction coefficients to vary with ionic strength. Note that the second form of Brønsted's equation is an expression for the osmotic coefficient . Measurement of osmotic coefficients provides one means for determining mean activity coefficients.
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