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because the argument to f must be a variable integer, but i is a constant integer. This matching is a form of program correctness, and is known as const-correctness.This allows a form of programming by contract, where functions specify as part of their type signature whether they modify their arguments or not, and whether their return value is modifiable or not.
Even functions can be const in C++. The meaning here is that only a const function may be called for an object instantiated as const; a const function doesn't change any non-mutable data. C# has both a const and a readonly qualifier; its const is only for compile-time constants, while readonly can be used in constructors and other runtime ...
A software product line (SPL) is a family of related programs. A typical product line has F 0 as a base program, and F 1..F n as features that could be added to F 0. Different compositions of features yield different programs. Let + denote the feature composition operation. A program P in SPL might have the following expression: P = F 8 + F 4 ...
The first two of these, const and volatile, are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++. Thus in C++ the term "cv-qualified type" (for const and volatile) is often used for "qualified type", while the terms "c-qualified type" and "v-qualified type" are used when only one of the qualifiers is relevant.
Generally, var, var, or var is how variable names or other non-literal values to be interpreted by the reader are represented. The rest is literal code. Guillemets (« and ») enclose optional sections.
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In 1989, C++ 2.0 was released, followed by the updated second edition of The C++ Programming Language in 1991. [33] New features in 2.0 included multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, const member functions, and protected members. In 1990, The Annotated C++ Reference Manual was published. This work became the basis for ...
In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology, the cup product is a method of adjoining two cocycles of degree p and q to form a composite cocycle of degree p + q.This defines an associative (and distributive) graded commutative product operation in cohomology, turning the cohomology of a space X into a graded ring, H ∗ (X), called the cohomology ring.