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In fact, the low ATP:ADP ratio caused by this effect likely contributes to the deactivation of mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane potential is hyperpolarized to prevent voltage-sensitive permeability transition pores (PTP) from triggering of apoptosis. [27] [28] There are many works that sustain that cancer is a metabolic disease.
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological ...
The concept of the tumor microenvironment (TME) dates back to 1863 when Rudolf Virchow established a connection between inflammation and cancer. However, it was not until 1889 that Stephen Paget's seed and soil theory introduced the important role of TME in cancer metastasis, highlighting the intricate relationship between tumors and their surrounding microenvironment.
The development of this process as a key factor of cancer progression was shown in vitro using specific tumor lines as well as experimental models; however, establishment of the EMT development and identification of tumor cells and their main characteristics under in vivo conditions is a complex task. [2]
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. [2] [7] These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. [7] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. [1]
Tumor progression is the third and last phase in tumor development. [1] This phase is characterised by increased growth speed and invasiveness of the tumor cells. As a result of the progression, phenotypical changes occur and the tumor becomes more aggressive and acquires greater malignant potential.
The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...
Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions of the plasma membrane that are associated with degradation of the extracellular matrix in cancer invasiveness and metastasis. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Very similar to podosomes , invadopodia are found in invasive cancer cells and are important for their ability to invade through the extracellular matrix, especially in ...