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Brenner tumours are an uncommon subtype of the surface epithelial-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. The majority are benign, but some can be malignant. [1] They are most frequently found incidentally on pelvic examination or at laparotomy. [2] Brenner tumours very rarely can occur in other locations, including the testes. [3]
Ovarian cancer forms when errors in normal ovarian cell growth occur. Usually, when cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. Cancer starts when new cells form unneeded, and old or damaged cells do not die as they should. The buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called an ovarian tumor or growth.
The tumors may be very small to very large, and may be solid or cystic. Histologically, the tumor consists of nests of the aforementioned transitional cells within surrounding tissue that resembles normal ovary. Brenner tumors may be benign or malignant, depending on whether the tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue.
The grade score (numerical: G1 up to G4) increases with the lack of cellular differentiation - it reflects how much the tumor cells differ from the cells of the normal tissue they have originated from (see 'Categories' below). Tumors may be graded on four-tier, three-tier, or two-tier scales, depending on the institution and the tumor type.
The TNM Classification of Malignant Tumors (TNM) is a globally recognised standard for classifying the anatomical extent of the spread of malignant tumours (cancer). It has gained wide international acceptance for many solid tumor cancers, but is not applicable to leukaemia or tumors of the central nervous system. Most common tumors have their ...
For example, studies show that clear-cell tumor cells proliferate at lower rates than serous adenocarcinomas which then could aid in a lower response from clear-cell tumors to chemotherapies. [ 7 ] Given that treatment options are limited for ovarian clear-cell cancer patients, researchers are studying biomarkers or specific pathways that could ...
Micrograph of a cystic Walthard cell rest (lower right of image) within the connective tissue of a fallopian tube (tubal epithelium – upper left of image). H&E stain . Walthard cell rests , sometimes called Walthard cell nests , are a benign cluster of epithelial cells most commonly found in the connective tissue of the fallopian tubes , but ...
Of all women with HSIL results, 2% [8] or less [9] have invasive cervical cancer at that time, however about 20% would progress to having invasive cervical cancer without treatment. [ 10 ] [ needs update ] To combat this progression, HSIL is usually followed by an immediate colposcopy with biopsy to sample or remove the dysplastic tissue.