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Pap tests can usually be performed during pregnancy up to at least 24 weeks of gestational age. [34] Pap tests during pregnancy have not been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. [34] An inflammatory component is commonly seen on Pap smears from pregnant women [35] and does not appear to be a risk for subsequent preterm birth. [36]
Papanicolaou stain (also Papanicolaou's stain and Pap stain) is a multichromatic (multicolored) cytological staining technique developed by George Papanicolaou in 1942. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The Papanicolaou stain is one of the most widely used stains in cytology , [ 1 ] where it is used to aid pathologists in making a diagnosis.
While many abnormalities on pap smears are not indicative of cervical cancer, [14] the doctor may recommend additional testing to gain a better understanding of the cervical cells. [18] Additional testing that may be performed includes an endocervical curettage , colposcopy , or cervical conization . [ 18 ]
The task force has introduced a recommendation that women over the age of 30 test for high-risk human papilloma viruses (HPV) every five years rather than relying on pap smears to detect cervical ...
Endocervical adenocarcinoma represents 20–25% of the histological types of cervical carcinoma. Gastric-type mucinous adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a rare type of cancer with aggressive behavior. This type of malignancy is not related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). [ 78 ]
Common sites for squamous metaplasia include the bladder and cervix. Smokers often exhibit squamous metaplasia in the linings of their airways. These changes don't signify a specific disease, but rather usually represent the body's response to stress or irritation.
Endocervical brush sampling at the time of Pap smear to detect adenocarcinoma and its precursors is necessary along with doctor/patient vigilance on abdominal symptoms associated with uterine and ovarian carcinoma. The diagnosis of CIN or cervical carcinoma requires a biopsy for histological analysis. [citation needed]
This tissue is sent for pathology testing to assign a histologic classification that is more definitive than a Pap smear result (which is a cytologic finding). HSIL generally corresponds to the histological classification of CIN 2 or 3. [citation needed] HSIL treatment involves the removal or destruction of the affected cells, usually by LEEP.