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An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain.
A common laboratory-scale mechanical method for cell disruption uses glass, ceramic, or steel beads, 0.1–2 mm (0.004–0.08 in) in diameter, mixed with a sample suspended in an aqueous solution.
A comparison of the structures of the natural estrogen hormone estradiol (left) and one of the nonyl-phenols (right), a xenoestrogen endocrine disruptor. Endocrine disruptors, sometimes also referred to as hormonally active agents, [1] endocrine disrupting chemicals, [2] or endocrine disrupting compounds [3] are chemicals that can interfere with endocrine (or hormonal) systems. [4]
Dr. Dinesh Prasad Saklani is the director of NCERT since 2022. [2] In 2023, NCERT constituted a 19-member committee, including author and Infosys Foundation chair Sudha Murthy, singer Shankar Mahadevan, and Manjul Bhargava to finalize the curriculum, textbooks and learning material for classes 3 to 12. [4]
Although the basic principles are fairly similar, the treatment of synonyms in botanical nomenclature differs in detail and terminology from zoological nomenclature, where the correct name is included among synonyms, although as first among equals it is the "senior synonym": Synonyms in botany are equivalent to "junior synonyms" in zoology.
[12] [13] [verification needed] Investigation of epigenetic down- or upregulation of repaired DNA genes as possibly central to progression of cancer has been regularly undertaken since 2000. [ 14 ] Epigenetic downregulation of the DNA repair gene MGMT occurs in 93% of bladder cancers, [ 15 ] 88% of stomach cancers, 74% of thyroid cancers, 40 ...
In evolutionary biology, disruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. In this more individuals acquire ...
In cell biology, a biological pathway is a series of interactions among molecules in a cell that leads to a certain product or a change in the cell. Such a pathway can trigger the assembly of new molecules, such as a fat or protein.