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Short title: 13229_2015_21_Article 1..5; Software used: Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 9.1.440/W Unicode: File change date and time: 16:05, 11 May 2015
Sex and gender differences in autism exist regarding prevalence, presentation, and diagnosis. Men and boys are more frequently diagnosed with autism than women and girls. It is debated whether this is due to a sex difference in rates of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) or whether females are underdiagnosed.
Baron-Cohen and associates assert that E–S theory is a better predictor than gender of who chooses STEM subjects. [5] The E–S theory has been extended into the extreme male brain (EMB) theory of autism and Asperger syndrome, which are associated in the E–S theory with below-average empathy and average or above-average systemising. [6]
Autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". [11] Sensory abnormalities are also included in the diagnostic manuals ...
The epidemiology of autism is the study of the incidence and distribution of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A 2022 systematic review of global prevalence of autism spectrum disorders found a median prevalence of 1% in children in studies published from 2012 to 2021, with a trend of increasing prevalence over time.
Some people feel that autism causes them to have a very different understanding of their gender than is expected of them. [29] [30] Some autistic individuals use the term "autigender" to describe the unique experience they have with their sense of gender. [31] Autigender is often incorrectly interpreted as saying that "autism" is one's gender. [30]
Identical twin studies put autism's heritability in a range between 36% and 95.7%, with concordance for a broader phenotype usually found at the higher end of the range. [28] Autism concordance in siblings and fraternal twins is anywhere between 0 and 23.5%. This is more likely 2–4% for classic autism and 10–20% for a broader spectrum.
Parents of 1,150 primary school aged children were sent the CAST questionnaire, with 199 responders and 174 taking part in the full data analysis. The results suggested that, compared to other screening tools currently available, the CAST may be useful for identifying children at risk for autism spectrum disorders, in a mainstream non-clinical sample.