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Signs of break in the base of the skull may include bruising behind the ears or around the eyes, or blood behind the ear drum. Blood or cerebrospinal fluid can leak from the nose or ear. Battle's sign, also known as mastoid ecchymosis, is an indication of fracture of middle cranial fossa of the skull.
It occurs from impact on either side of the head or from side-to-side compression. The fracture typically runs through the petrous portion of the temporal bones and the sella turcica, potentially affecting the pituitary gland. Blood from both ears often indicates this type of fracture, which is the most common basilar skull fracture.
While impact on the brain at the same site of injury to the skull is the coup effect. If the impact causes the head to move, the injury may be worsened, because the brain may ricochet inside the skull causing additional impacts, or the brain may stay relatively still (due to inertia) but be hit by the moving skull (both are contrecoup injuries).
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Closed-head injuries are caused primarily by vehicular accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries. [4] Falls account for 35.2% of brain injuries in the United States, with rates highest for children ages 0–4 years and adults ages 75 years and older. [3] Head injuries are more common in men than women across every age group. [3]
[12] [13] All traumatic brain injuries are head injuries, but the latter term may also refer to injury to other parts of the head; [14] [15] [16] however, the terms head injury and brain injury are often used interchangeably. [17] Similarly, brain injuries fall under the classification of central nervous system injuries [18] and neurotrauma. [19]
Dr. Bindi Naik-Mathuria, a pediatric trauma surgeon at Baylor College of Medicine, told Yahoo News that injuries from an AR-15 style rifle are “almost unsurvivable, essentially,” because of ...