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Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. [1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism.
Curved-arrow mechanism for the oxymercuration reaction. Regioselectivity and stereochemistry. Oxymercuration is very regioselective and is a textbook Markovnikov ...
A reaction mechanism shows how acetone reacts with methanol in acidic environment using curved arrow (electron or arrow pushing method) Mechanisms also are of interest in inorganic chemistry. A often quoted mechanistic experiment involved the reaction of the labile hexaaquo chromous reductant with the exchange inert pentammine cobalt(III) chloride.
The mechanism of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. The ratio of alkene isomers 5 and 6 is not dependent upon the stereochemical outcome of the initial carbanion addition and upon the ability of the intermediates to equilibrate. The electron-withdrawing group (EWG) alpha to the phosphonate is necessary for the final elimination to occur.
In general the stepwise progression of reaction mechanisms can be represented using arrow pushing techniques in which curved arrows are used to track the movement of electrons as starting materials transition to intermediates and products.
The lower mevalonate pathway which converts (R)-mevalonate into IPP and DMAPP has 3 variants.In eukaryotes, mevalonate is phosphorylated twice in the 5-OH position, then decarboxylated to yield IPP. [4]
The generic mechanism of a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a dipole and a dipolarophile to give a five-membered heterocycle, through a six-electron transition state. Note that the red curly arrows are conventionally used to denote the reaction process but do not necessarily represent the actual flow of electrons.
A rearrangement is not well represented by simple and discrete electron transfers (represented by curved arrows in organic chemistry texts). The actual mechanism of alkyl groups moving, as in Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement, probably involves transfer of the moving alkyl group fluidly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and