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Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline, and one product, cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline. This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on amino acids and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxyproline 2-epimerase.
Other hydroxyprolines also exist in nature. The most notable ones are 2,3-cis-, 3,4-trans-, and 3,4-dihydroxyproline, which occurs in diatom cell walls [12] and are postulated to have a role in silica deposition. Hydroxyproline is also found in the walls of oomycetes, fungus-like protists related to diatoms.
Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This rare form of the disorder may appear benign at times, [ 2 ] but often involves seizures, convulsions, and intellectual disability.
Proline (symbol Pro or P) [4] is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group-NH 2 but is rather a secondary amine .
In enzymology, a proline racemase (EC 5.1.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction. L-proline D-proline. Hence, this enzyme has two substrates, L- and D-proline, and two products, D- and L- proline. This enzyme belongs to the family of proline racemases acting on free amino acids.
They also found that it retained its highly selective nature, capable of receiving mostly D-enantiomers after mutation, with yields in excess of 95%. [5] A heat-stable variant of D-amino acid dehydrogenase was found in the bacterium Rhodothermus marinus JCM9785. This variant is involved in the catabolism of trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline. [11]
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase B is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPIB gene. [5] As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds , which allows it to regulate protein folding of type I collagen .
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the P4HA1 gene. [5] [6] This gene encodes a component of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in collagen synthesis composed of two identical alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The encoded protein is one of several different types of alpha subunits and provides the ...