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Unsupervised learning is a framework in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled data. [1] Other frameworks in the spectrum of supervisions include weak- or semi-supervision , where a small portion of the data is tagged, and self-supervision .
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning.The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
The plain transformer architecture had difficulty converging. In the original paper [1] the authors recommended using learning rate warmup. That is, the learning rate should linearly scale up from 0 to maximal value for the first part of the training (usually recommended to be 2% of the total number of training steps), before decaying again.
In 1976 transfer learning was introduced in neural networks learning. [34] [35] Deep learning architectures for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with convolutional layers and downsampling layers and weight replication began with the Neocognitron introduced by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1979, though not trained by backpropagation. [36] [37] [38]
Support-Vector Clustering [5] and other kernel methods [6] and unsupervised machine learning methods become widespread. [7] 2010s: Deep learning becomes feasible, which leads to machine learning becoming integral to many widely used software services and applications. Deep learning spurs huge advances in vision and text processing. 2020s
An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory. MIT Press, 1994. A textbook. M. Mohri, A. Rostamizadeh, and A. Talwalkar. Foundations of Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2018. Chapter 2 contains a detailed treatment of PAC-learnability. Readable through open access from the publisher. D. Haussler.
Active learning is a special case of machine learning in which a learning algorithm can interactively query a human user (or some other information source), to label new data points with the desired outputs. The human user must possess knowledge/expertise in the problem domain, including the ability to consult/research authoritative sources ...
Transfer learning (TL) is a technique in machine learning (ML) in which knowledge learned from a task is re-used in order to boost performance on a related task. [1] For example, for image classification , knowledge gained while learning to recognize cars could be applied when trying to recognize trucks.