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e. Lanchester's laws are mathematical formulas for calculating the relative strengths of military forces. The Lanchester equations are differential equations describing the time dependence of two armies' strengths A and B as a function of time, with the function depending only on A and B. [1][2] In 1915 and 1916 during World War I, M. Osipov [3 ...
Unified field theory. In physics, a unified field theory (UFT) is a type of field theory that allows all that is usually thought of as fundamental forces and elementary particles to be written in terms of a pair of physical and virtual fields. According to modern discoveries in physics, forces are not transmitted directly between interacting ...
The formula for change (or "the change formula") provides a model to assess the relative strengths affecting the likely success of organisational change programs. The formula was created by David Gleicher while he was working at management consultants Arthur D. Little in the early 1960s, [1] refined by Kathie Dannemiller in the 1980s, [2] and further developed by Steve Cady.
System equivalence. In the systems sciences system equivalence is the behavior of a parameter or component of a system in a way similar to a parameter or component of a different system. Similarity means that mathematically the parameters and components will be indistinguishable from each other. Equivalence can be very useful in understanding ...
v. t. e. In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it. [1] The equations were published by Albert Einstein in 1915 in the form of a tensor equation [2] which related the local spacetime curvature (expressed by ...
The ultimate universal equivalent according to Marx is "world money", i.e., financial instruments that are accepted and usable for trading purposes everywhere, such as bullion. [63] In the world market, the value of commodities is expressed by a universal standard, so that their "independent value-form" appears to traders as "universal money". [64]
Stochastic control or stochastic optimal control is a sub field of control theory that deals with the existence of uncertainty either in observations or in the noise that drives the evolution of the system. The system designer assumes, in a Bayesian probability -driven fashion, that random noise with known probability distribution affects the ...
A governing equation represents the most detailed and fundamental phenomenological model currently available for a given system. For example, at the coarsest level, a beam is just a 1D curve whose torque is a function of local curvature. At a more refined level, the beam is a 2D body whose stress-tensor is a function of local strain-tensor, and ...