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Line chart showing the population of the town of Pushkin, Saint Petersburg from 1800 to 2010, measured at various intervals. A line chart or line graph, also known as curve chart, [1] is a type of chart that displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments. [2]
This Q–Q plot compares a sample of data on the vertical axis to a statistical population on the horizontal axis. The points follow a strongly nonlinear pattern, suggesting that the data are not distributed as a standard normal (X ~ N(0,1)). The offset between the line and the points suggests that the mean of the data is not 0.
The above image shows a table with some of the most common test statistics and their corresponding tests or models. A statistical hypothesis test is a method of statistical inference used to decide whether the data sufficiently supports a particular hypothesis. A statistical hypothesis test typically involves a calculation of a test statistic.
A statistical model is a mathematical model that embodies a set of statistical assumptions concerning the generation of sample data (and similar data from a larger population). A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process . [ 1 ]
for i = 1, 2, ..., n, where a = 3/8 if n ≤ 10 and 0.5 for n > 10, and Φ −1 is the standard normal quantile function. If the data are consistent with a sample from a normal distribution, the points should lie close to a straight line. As a reference, a straight line can be fit to the points.
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In statistical hypothesis testing, a two-sample test is a test performed on the data of two random samples, each independently obtained from a different given population. The purpose of the test is to determine whether the difference between these two populations is statistically significant .
Statistics is a field of inquiry that studies the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It is applicable to a wide variety of academic disciplines , from the physical and social sciences to the humanities ; it is also used and misused for making informed decisions in all areas of business and government .