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Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
The number n of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence vitamin K 2 consists of various forms. [2] It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is usually produced by tissue and/or bacterial conversion of ...
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.
Vitamin K2 is lauded for a number of important health benefits. But taking too much can be dangerous, health experts say. Vitamin K2 is essential to your health.
Vitamin K deficiency; Specialty: Endocrinology Symptoms: bruising, petechiae, hematomas, oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites, stomach pains, cartilage calcification, and severe malformation of developing bone or deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the walls of arteries. Causes: insufficient dietary vitamin K 1 or vitamin K 2 or ...
no effect on calcium level in normal or primary hyperparathyroidism; effective in hypercalcemia due to malignancy with elevated vitamin D levels (many types of malignancies raise the vitamin D level). [22] also effective in hypervitaminosis D and sarcoidosis; dialysis usually used in severe hypercalcaemia complicated by kidney failure ...
Osteocalcin, also known as bone gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein (BGLAP), is a small (49-amino-acid [5]) noncollagenous protein hormone found in bone and dentin, first identified as a calcium-binding protein. [6] Because osteocalcin has gla domains, its synthesis is vitamin K2-dependent.
It decreases with age, low vitamin D levels, hypochlorhydria, low estrogen levels, and a high-fiber diet. Calcium is absorbed both actively and passively in the small intestines, with low vitamin D levels impairing active absorption. Calcium absorption varies with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and is also influenced by dietary ...
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