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The sovereign prince (French: prince de Monaco) is the monarch and head of state of the Principality of Monaco. All reigning princes and princesses have taken the name of the House of Grimaldi. When Prince Rainier III died in 2005, he was Europe's longest reigning monarch. [1]
François Grimaldi was the leader of a group of Genoese that seized the Rock of Monaco. His cousin Rainier was the first Grimaldi ruler of the area now known as Monaco. Rainier I, Lord of Cagnes (1267–1314) Under Genoese control from 10 April 1301 to 12 September 1331 Lords of Monaco: Charles I (?–1357) 12 September 1331 15 August 1357
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Princess Florestine of Monaco 1833 - 1897: Wilhelm, 1st Duke of Urach 1810 - 1869: Albert I 1848 - 1889 - 1922: Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton 1850 - 1922: Mindaugas II of Lithuania 1864 - 1928 heir to the Monegasque throne: Marie Juliette Louvet 1867- 1930: Louis II 1870 - 1922 - 1949: Prince Pierre, Duke of Valentinois 1895 - 1964
A person born to a dynast who was not married to the other parent at the time of birth (such as Alexandre Grimaldi-Coste, Camille Gottlieb or Raphaël Elmaleh) does not have any succession rights unless legitimized by his or her parents' subsequent marriage (Civil Code 229 states: "Les enfants légitimés par le mariage subséquent auront les mêmes droits que s'ils étaient nés de ce mariage").
Monaco and the neighbouring County of Nice were taken by the revolutionary army in 1792, and were French-controlled until 1815. Nice passed back to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1815; then it was ceded to France by the Treaty of Turin (1860). Monaco was re-established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, with a brief Italian occupation in 1940–43.
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On 5 January 1911, Prince Albert I granted Monaco a constitution, but the document had little real meaning in terms of reducing autocratic rule and was soon suspended by the Prince when World War I broke out. Also in 1911, Prince Albert created the Monte Carlo Rally, an automobile race designed to draw tourists to Monaco and the Casino.