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Spasmodic dysphonia, also known as laryngeal dystonia, is a disorder in which the muscles that generate a person's voice go into periods of spasm. [1] [2] This results in breaks or interruptions in the voice, often every few sentences, which can make a person difficult to understand. [1]
Autism is associated with several genetic disorders, [4] perhaps due to an overlap in genetic causes. [5] About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndrome, [6] a category referred to as syndromic autism.
CDD is a rare condition, with only 1.7 cases per 100,000. [13] [14] [15]A child affected with childhood disintegrative disorder shows normal development. Up until this point, the child has developed normally in the areas of language skills, social skills, comprehension skills, and has maintained those skills for about two years.
For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics. [4] Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. [ 5 ] Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments.
Autism spectrum disorder [a] (ASD), or simply autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder "characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts" and "restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities". [11]
Tourette syndrome or Tourette's syndrome (abbreviated as TS or Tourette's) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in childhood or adolescence. It is characterized by multiple movement (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic.
The exact cause of this disorder is usually unknown. [1] Many observations suggest a genetic cause of DVD, as many with the disorder have a family history of communication disorders. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The gene FOXP2 has been implicated in many studies of the condition, and when this is the cause, the condition is inherited in an autosomal ...
Rett syndrome is due to a genetic mutation in the MECP2 gene, [4] on the X chromosome. [5] It almost always occurs as a new mutation, with less than one percent of cases being inherited. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It occurs almost exclusively in girls; [ 4 ] boys who have a similar mutation typically die shortly after birth. [ 5 ]