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Leiomyoma enucleated from a uterus. External surface on left; cut surface on right. Micrograph of a small, well-circumscribed colonic leiomyoma arising from the muscularis mucosae and showing fascicles of spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and elongated, cigar-shaped nuclei Immunohistochemistry for β-catenin in uterine leiomyoma, which is negative as there is only staining of cytoplasm ...
[16] [4] [5] In developing countries, five-year survival rates are lower. [2] Worldwide, breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in women, accounting for 25% of all cases. [17] In 2018, it resulted in two million new cases and 627,000 deaths. [18] It is more common in developed countries, [2] and is more than 100 times more common in women ...
G (1–4): the grade of the cancer cells (i.e. they are "low grade" if they appear similar to normal cells, and "high grade" if they appear poorly differentiated) S (0–3): elevation of serum tumor markers; R (0–2): the completeness of the operation (resection-boundaries free of cancer cells or not) Pn (0–1): invasion into adjunct nerves
Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies.
Desmoid tumors of the breast are rare, constituting 4% of extra-abdominal cases and 0.2–0.3% of breast tumors. [27] [24] Although benign, they can mimic breast cancer on physical examination, mammography and breast ultrasound and can also be locally invasive. Even though they occur sporadically, they can also be seen as a part of Gardner's ...
[2] Treatment depends on the underlying cause. [1] It may vary from simple pain medication to surgical removal. [1] Some causes may resolve without treatment. [4] Breast masses are relatively common. [2] It is the most common breast complaint with the women's concern generally being that of cancer. [5] [6]
Grading in cancer is distinguished from staging, which is a measure of the extent to which the cancer has spread. Pathology grading systems classify the microscopic cell appearance abnormality and deviations in their rate of growth with the goal of predicting developments at tissue level (see also the 4 major histological changes in dysplasia ).
3-5 Grade 1 tumor (well-differentiated). Best prognosis. 6-7 Grade 2 tumor (moderately differentiated). Medium prognosis. 8-9 Grade 3 tumor (poorly differentiated). Worst prognosis. Lower-grade tumors, with a more favorable prognosis, can be treated less aggressively, and have a better survival rate.