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An insect's sensory, motor and physiological processes are controlled by the central nervous system along with the endocrine system. [7] Being the principal division of the nervous system, it consists of a brain, a ventral nerve cord and a subesophageal ganglion which is connected to the brain by two nerves, extending around each side of the ...
The anatomy of an insect, with the brain (#5) in teal green and ventral nerve cord (#19) in darkblue. Left, a schematic of the Drosophila central nervous system, including the brain and ventral nerve cord. Right, a cross section of the ventral nerve cord, illustrating sensory input and motor output. Adapted with permission from. [1]
The nervous system in beetles contains all the types found in insects, varying between different species. With three thoracic and seven or eight abdominal ganglia can be distinguished to that in which all the thoracic and abdominal ganglia are fused to form a composite structure.
An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes. [47] There is extensive variation among different orders, life stages, and even castes in the digestive system of insects. [48] The gut runs lengthwise through the body. It has three sections, with paired salivary glands and salivary ...
The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Nerves that exit from the brain are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. The nervous system consists of nervous tissue which, at a cellular level, is defined by the presence of a special type of cell, called the ...
Central nervous system of a nectiopod remipede, showing the presence of both deutocerebrum (dc) and ventral nerve cord (vnc) organized by segmented ganglia. Living arthropods have paired main nerve cords running along their bodies below the gut, and in each segment the cords form a pair of ganglia from which sensory and motor nerves run to ...
Insect pheromones are produced by a variety of exocrine glands consisting primarily of modified epidermal cells at various sites on the insect body. For example, the abdominal glands of the female silkmoth release traces of the ( E,E )-isomer of alcohol as well as the analogous ( E,Z )-aldehyde bombycal, in addition to the sex pheromone bombycol.
The insect head is an elaborate structure made of several segments fused rigidly together, and equipped with both simple and compound eyes, and multiple appendages including sensory antennae and complex mouthparts (maxillae and mandibles). [4] Cephalopods like this cuttlefish have advanced 'camera' eyes.