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It is measured by passing a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen over a burning specimen, and reducing the oxygen level until a critical level is reached. [1] LOI values for different plastics are determined by standardized tests, such as the ISO 4589 and ASTM D2863. [2] The LOI value is also dependent on the surrounding temperature of the sample.
The US Navy Heliox saturation decompression rates require a partial pressure of oxygen to be maintained at between 0.44 and 0.48 atm when possible, but not to exceed 23% by volume, to restrict the risk of fire. [65]
Lower flammability limit (LFL): The lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or a vapor in air capable of producing a flash of fire in the presence of an ignition source (arc, flame, heat). The term is considered by many safety professionals to be the same as the lower explosive level (LEL).
Some more recent measurements about ecolgite at high pressures and elevated temperatures (up to 14GPa and 1000K) have been reported by Chao Wang and others in a 2014 article about omphacite, jadeite and diopside which is free on the internet [71] Ethylene glycol: TPRC 0.2549 0.2563 0.2576 0.2590 0.2603 0.2616 0.2630 0.2643 List [32] CRC 0.2645 ...
Nitrox refers to any gas mixture composed (excepting trace gases) of nitrogen and oxygen that contains less than 78% nitrogen. [1] [2] In the usual application, underwater diving, nitrox is normally distinguished from air and handled differently. [3]
Calcium ammonium nitrate Is a blend of 20-30% limestone CaCO 3 or dolomite (Ca,Mg)CO 3 and 70-80% ammonium nitrate with 24-28 % nitrogen. Calcium nitrate with 15,5% nitrogen and 19% calcium, reportedly holding a small share of the nitrogen fertilizer market (4% in 2007). [28] The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the superphosphates:
Liquid nitrogen is a compact and readily transported source of dry nitrogen gas, as it does not require pressurization. Further, its ability to maintain temperatures far below the freezing point of water, specific heat of 1040 J ⋅kg −1 ⋅K −1 and heat of vaporization of 200 kJ⋅kg −1 makes it extremely useful in a wide range of ...
Theoretically, to make 6 L of water gas, 5 L of air is required. Alternatively, to prevent contamination with nitrogen, energy can be provided by using pure oxygen to burn carbon into carbon monoxide. O 2 + 2 C → 2 CO (ΔH = -221 kJ/mol) In this case, 1 L of oxygen will create 5.3 L of pure water gas.